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For now, I kneeled down on the floor and gave my daughter a hug. WebAnalyzes how the first three disney princess films, released during walt disney's lifetime, frequently showed the princesses doing domestic work. But a lot of people ask, What is wrong with that? and that is when you realize how subliminally all the stereotypical ideas are showcased in these movies. Hes a little softer, and he sings about his emotions. You have reached your limit of 4 free articles. Which Agile Certification Is Right For You? Some love em, some hate em. But, Mommy? she added. Whereas Barbie doesnt have a backstory, really, for children to latch onto. CSM Or PMI-ACP? Theres all sorts of things that can contribute to that, but Id like to think maybe with our new results, theres a small part of princess culture that helps them see these amazing strong women in film, as opposed to superheroes, which are predominantly the hyper masculinization that we often feed our little boys. All of this teaches the boys who watch Disney movies they need to be strong, but silent and withdrawn, to be successful. And we assumed that a kid who identified with Cinderella would be very different from a kid who identified with Merida [from Brave] a few years later. (And what the heck are those blue things covering her ears?) Look, he said, I have friends whose son went through the Power Rangers phase who castigated themselves over what they mustve done wrong. My only theory is when you think about the stories themselves, a lot of them focus on finding the beauty within. The princesses shown in the movies have big round eyes, high cheekbones, fair complexion, smallest waist ever, and tall height. and "Do you think you could be a princess?" Some psychologists say that until permanency sets in kids embrace whatever stereotypes our culture presents, whether its piling on the most spangles or attacking one another with light sabers. We let our kids watch princesses, have dolls, all of that, which you might find interesting given our early study. Thats not the case by 10 or 11. What they far more commonly watch are things like Disney movies. And at Toys R Us, aisles of pink baby dolls, kitchens, shopping carts and princesses unfurl a safe distance from the Star Wars figures, GeoTrax and tool chests. Shes gonna have an eating disorder when shes 13. And Peggy said there hasnt been a lot of research on this topic. For example, Frozen, the best-selling Disney Princess movie of all time, was extremely popular with both girls and boys (Gomez, 2014). Most girls surveyed preferred the "classic," white princesses to Mulan and Jasmine. In the 1990s, third-wave feminists rebelled against their dour big sisters, reclaiming sexual objectification as a womans right provided, of course, that it was on her own terms, that she was the one choosing to strip or wear a shirt that said Porn Star or make out with her best friend at a frat-house bash. Princesses can even be a boon to exasperated parents: in our house, for instance, royalty never whines and uses the potty every single time. Over the next 45 minutes, we ran through that conversation, verbatim, approximately 37 million times, as my daughter pointed out Disney Princess Band-Aids, Disney Princess paper cups, Disney Princess lip balm, Disney Princess pens, Disney Princess crayons and Disney Princess notebooks all cleverly displayed at the eye level of a 3-year-old trapped in a shopping cart as well as a bouquet of Disney Princess balloons bobbing over the checkout line. At 6? He was obsessed with them as a young child, loved to dress up like Elsa, has all the dolls. Alternatives like those might send you skittering right back to the castle. The princess movies that followed, like Moana and Raya and the Last Dragon, explicitly aimed to empower young girls with stories full of adventure and devoid of romance. This step has done a lot to demystify the previously damaging concepts of gendered roles in girls, but the Disney classics such as Cinderella and Snow White still haunt the modern upbringing of the girls. Between 2009 and 2018, she asked nearly 140 girls to draw a princess. How splendid. 241 corona: Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Snow White, Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, Mulan and Pocahontas. as this leads to girls avoiding certain important life lessons just because they are not considered very feminine. When colors were first introduced to the nursery in the early part of the 20th century, pink was considered the more masculine hue, a pastel version of red. It was wild. Maybe the study will just allow people to relax a little bit and find the magic in the princesses while still talking about them with their kids and not just buying your kids a pretty dress. Who am I? Aurora, as the perfect woman, is depicted as extremely demure. If nothing else, pink and Princess have resuscitated the fantasy of romance that that era of feminism threatened, the privileges that traditional femininity conferred on women despite its costs doors magically opened, dinner checks picked up, Manolo Blahniks. Since the introduction of Jasmine in 1992, four young women of color have been added to the company's official princess lineup: Pocahontas, Moana, Tiana and Mulan. Step out of line, and you end up solo or, worse, sailing crazily over a cliff to your doom. Look, probably for the majority of people, it doesnt have an impact. Most adults According to theories of gender constancy, until theyre about 6 or 7, children dont realize that the sex they were born with is immutable. Aurora is described as an extraordinarily beautiful woman, so young girls will understand, even if they are not directly told, that is how they are supposed to strive to look. Disney focuses on targeting young girls in particular to personally identify with the princesses and encourages internalizing their messages about [1] Company officials Disney has made an effort to diversify and empower its princess cast in recent decades, responding to criticisms that the brand is too white and casts women in passive roles. Theyre doing better in terms of representation of race and ethnicity but representation of body size and shapewe have this unrealistic body still. Additionally, although Disney Princesses are pre-dominantly popular with girls, many preschool boys watch these programs. hide caption. Long Waits, Short Appointments, Huge Bills. This is a fantastically brave, strong, independent woman. And so I really used princesses as an opportunity to discuss what I consider to be an example of strong womanhood. (Hains was co-editor of an anthology that published an earlier version of Uppal's work. In the end, its not the Princesses that really bother me anyway. , Sarah Coyne conducted a scientific investigation on 198 preschool and kindergarten children (both girls and boys). Mommy, do you like Ariel?. Mooney has a point: There are no studies proving that playing princess directly damages girls self-esteem or dampens other aspirations. This one has just been out for a hot second here, but BYU posted it on their Twitter account. To call princesses a trend among girls is like calling Harry Potter a book. They were ages 8 to 15 and lived in five countries the U.S., China, Fiji, India and Sweden. A year ago, when we shopped for big girl bedding at Pottery Barn Kids, we found the girls side awash in flowers, hearts and hula dancers; not a soccer player or sailboat in sight. For example, Frozen , the best-selling Disney Princess movie of all time, was extremely popular with both girls and boys (Gomez, 2014). Maybe that gets through somehow beyond just the beautiful yellow ball gown and the tiny waist. All Rights Reserved. They expect that every problem can be solved by the entry of a handsome young prince and that love happens at first sight and remains unchanged for eternity. It was about a month after Mooneys arrival that the magic struck. They werent even Disney products. Unfortunately, this is not isolated just to Sleeping Beauty. All of Disneys princesses, and even some of the female villains, are impossibly proportioned, and the ones who are not, like Ursula of The Little Mermaid, are still hyper-sexualized to the point of absurdity. Ive published a lot of things over the course of my career, like over 100 things, right? Is it possible that parents are just sitting down with their kids while theyre watching these movies and talking through some of the more problematic tropes with them, offsetting possible negative effects? This is Berkeley, Calif. Maybe it was the dentists Betty Boop inflection that got to me, but when she pointed to the exam chair and said, Would you like to sit in my special princess throne so I can sparkle your teeth? I lost it. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, was thought to be dainty. And this kids fantastic. We view Disney as a family-friendly and wholly moral corporation, one that does not stand for anything that could offend anyone. WebBest Time To Cast A Love SpellStep 4: Chant three times "I call upon thee, O Sun!. People called for me to be fired. Come on! I continued, my voice rising. "We didn't say, 'Draw a Disney princess.' And while not all girls in India and Fiji were familiar with Aladdin, Mulan and Pocahontas, nearly all had watched Cinderella and Snow White. And so watch this space. They all were asked to draw a princess and not just a Disney princess, but the widespread impact of Disney princesses has made them the worldwide definition of what a princess is. What happened to William wanting a doll and not dressing your cat in an apron? WebGood Morning Call IzleMike Disney Plus Full zle. Easier, that is, unless you want to buy your daughter something that isnt pink. All of Disneys princesses, and even some of the female villains, are impossibly proportioned, and the ones who are not, like Ursula of The Little Mermaid, are still hyper referring to Disneys Little Mermaid. Her study was inspired by a groundbreaking article by a journalist, Peggy Orenstein, named Cinderella Ate My Daughter. The results of the study are outlined below: Girls adhering to stereotypical behaviors poses problems as this leads to girls avoiding certain important life lessons just because they are not considered very feminine. How Disney Princesses Influence Girls Around The World - NPR.org Disney Princess appearance has always been an issue in the media, with most of the princesses being young and very attractive with big eyes, a small nose and chin, big They have the best pocketbooks here, she said breathlessly, brandishing a clutch with the words Girlie Girl stamped on it. And we had a wide variety of responses. Magazines, A Doll For Everyone: Meet Mattels Gender-Neutral Doll, Barbies Got a New Body: What the Curvy Barbie Says About American Beauty Ideals, Or create a free account to access more articles, A Researcher Thought Disney Princesses Had a Negative Impact on Young Girls. I recall a headline-grabbing 2005 British study that revealed that girls enjoy torturing, decapitating and microwaving their Barbies nearly as much as they like to dress them up for dates. Both overstretched and underfocused, the division had triggered price wars by granting multiple licenses for core products (say, Winnie-the-Pooh undies) while ignoring the potential of new media. I can understand that, because the unisex thing denied everything you couldnt be this, you couldnt be that, you had to be a neutral nothing.. Longitudinal results revealed that Disney Princess engagement was associated with more female gender-stereotypical behavior 1 year later, even after controlling for initial levels of gender-stereotypical behavior. I was flabbergasted when I didnt find that effect. The kids who grew up in the 1970s wanted sharp definitions for their own kids, Paoletti told me. 1 answer, which was really disturbing to me. There had to be a middle ground between compliant and defiant, between petticoats and paper bags. Talk about newspeak: Girl Power has gone from a riot grrrrl anthem to I Am Woman, Watch Me Shop.. Preferably, one who loves and respects her and also does the dishes and half the child care. While men in Disney films are allowed to be aggressive, they are not allowed to be much else. Almost all the princess drawings by the girls were depictive of a light-skinned princess in a flowy gown with embellished jewels. Theres that princess you dont like, Mama! she shouted. So I have one daughter and four sons. Perhaps thats why so many early Disney heroines Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Wendy, Alice-in-Wonderland are swathed in varying shades of azure. Then again, have you taken a stroll through a childrens store lately? Probably, showing the boys something different than the usual macho-man content instilled an understanding of both perspectives on them. And in the early study, we didnt find any impacts of princesses on body image. She surveyed 140 girls between the ages of 8 to 15 living in five different countries the US, China, Sweden, Fiji, and India. The kids favorite princesses also changed dramatically from when they were 4 to when they were 11. And this was fascinating because princesses themselves come from high socio-economic status usually. They get married, and live happily ever after. I wonder if the way that parents talk to their kids about princesses changes over those five years. Another major contribution in this regard is by the scientific investigations of Charu Uppal from Sweden. Lets find out how it actually impacts kids. And we found that early study had kind of those negative results for girls. Its just, honey, Cinderella doesnt really do anything.. From ages 4 to 5, kids perceptions of gender are fairly rigid. Whats more, the 23 percent decline in girls participation in sports and other vigorous activity between middle and high school has been linked to their sense that athletics is unfeminine. If you have ever seen Sleeping Beauty, however, you will notice that Auroras figure is as impossible as Barbies for humans to achieve. Please, can I have one? Damn it. Magazines, Digital These little girls were observed to behave more in stereotypical feminine behaviors, such as submissiveness, relying on others to solve problems for them, etc. Writing Help Login Writing Tools. Basically we found that princess culture was more positive for kids coming from lower-income families than those coming from middle or higher. The original folk tales themselves, Forman-Brunell says, spring from medieval and early modern European culture that faced all kinds of economic and demographic and social upheaval famine, war, disease, terror of wolves. What better way to assure that theyll always remain themselves? And in a survey released last October by Girls Inc., school-age girls overwhelmingly reported a paralyzing pressure to be perfect: not only to get straight As and be the student-body president, editor of the newspaper and captain of the swim team but also to be kind and caring, please everyone, be very thin and dress right. Give those girls a pumpkin and a glass slipper and theyd be in business. "Disney princesses such as Elsa from Frozen can damage young girls' body esteem," the Daily Mail reports inaccurately. ), It wasnt until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a key strategy of childrens marketing (recall the emergence of tween), that pink became seemingly innate to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the gender stereotypes associated with the images of Disney princesses and discuss their negative and positive effects. But how can you assure that? She surveyed 140 girls between the ages of 8 to 15 living in five different countries the US, China, Sweden, Fiji, and India. New research finds that children who engaged with princess culture were more likely to hold progressive views about women and subscribe less to attitudes of toxic masculinity. I wonder if its just that princess culture as a whole does a great job of putting princesses at the forefront of the story. As a feminist mother not to mention a nostalgic product of the Garanimals era I have been taken by surprise by the princess craze and the girlie-girl culture that has risen around it. I learned that people really have strong feelings about princesses. WebMeek, 2011). And when we look at gender development as a whole, things become a little bit more flexible over time. In return, they get to learn how the unrealistic standards of beauty are acceptable. This research indicates that female villains and princesses may be portrayed differently in Disney which could influence a childs perception of societal . It was the other way around. Not one girl drew a princess in her country's traditional garb. Sales at Disney Consumer Products, which started the craze six years ago by packaging nine of its female characters under one royal rubric, have shot up to $3 billion, globally, this year, from $300 million in 2001. The malls themselves are chosen based on a company formula called the G.P.I., or Girl Power Index, which predicts potential sales revenues. my 3-year-old was thinking, Mommy doesnt want me to be a girl? And what we found is talking about the movie resulted in the kids being even more gender stereotyped. Parenting groups have long blamed more adult media for the problems with our youth, everything from the obvious violent television to the mundane school. Perhaps thats why the magic wand has become an essential part of the princess get-up. But maybe its because theres also a lot of these rags-to-riches kind of stories. Heavy exposure to Disney princess culture correlated with more female It also highlighted a trend. And theres a trap at the end of that rainbow, because the natural progression from pale, innocent pink is not to other colors. Disney focuses on targeting young girls in particular to personally identify with the princesses and encourages internalizing their messages about Although they keep him around for the climactic kiss, he is otherwise relegated to the bottom of the toy box, which is why you dont see him prominently displayed in stores. Disney was often accused of spreading anti-feminist ideas; the main target of criticism was the Disneys most famous cartoon series, Disneys Princesses. In 1939-1959, Disneys princesses did not stand out with their individualistic traits, except that everyone was beautiful; had a pleasant voice and were good housewives. Besides all the negative impacts recorded in the study by Coyne, there was one silver lining. They identify with a Disney princess and the culture showcased in the movies. And although Belle is very thin and beautiful, the whole message of that story is look beyond appearances and focus on the person within. It was the first time Disney marketed characters separately from a films release, let alone lumped together those from different stories. Wed always debate over whether she was really a part of the Princess mythology, Mooney recalled. Some of this stuff is innocuous, she observed, then leaned toward me, eyes wide and stage-whispered: But a lot of it is horrible. There are many things in the world that can affect how a person grows up to become, whether its religion, books, movies, or people in movies. In fairness to Disney, their princess movies do center on womens stories, perhaps tacitly communicating that women are worthy of their own narrative. As Madonna gave way to Britney, whatever self-determination that message contained was watered down and commodified until all that was left was a gaggle of 6-year-old girls in belly-baring T-shirts (which Im guessing they dont wear as cultural critique). And those early princesses from the 50s dont have much to do but be saved, whereas the modern princesses get to go on these big adventures that usually have nothing to do with falling in love. Many of the movies and characters created by Disney are far more of an unacceptably bad influence on children than we realize. Theres the illusion of more choices out there for girls, but if you look around, youll see their choices are steadily narrowing.. For example, Frozen , the best-selling Disney Princess movie of all time, was extremely popular with both girls and boys (Gomez, 2014). It is setting the bar too high and too unnatural. No wonder the report was titled The Supergirl Dilemma.. Or maybe it isnt. What am I supposed to say?. Explains that in most disney Ive done a lot of research on all sorts of topics, but this one has also really changed me as a parent. Most girls said they had been watching Disney films since before they could remember. And Im like, This is not gender-stereotyped princess at all. From Mickey Mouse to Sleeping Beauty to Cars, everyone has seen, or is at least familiar with, something from Disney. Sleeping Beauty is a perfect example of this. The displays were scaled to the size of a 10-year-old, though most of the shoppers I saw were several years younger than that. WebAnna, one of the main characters in Disney's Frozen, shows behaviors that may indicate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. For years books like Peggy Orensteins Cinderella Ate My Daughter and studies on the short-term impact of watching, playing with and dressing up as Disney princesses suggested that those fairy tales starring waifish women could have a negative impact on girls body image, and the more retrograde princessesthe damsels like Sleeping Beauty and Snow White who do little but wait around to be saved by princesmight reinforce antiquated ideas about womens helplessness for girls and toxic masculinity for boys. The research outlined that little girls inspired by these ideals might not be interested in getting dirty or excelling in math or science, as these behaviors and interests are generally considered as exclusively masculine in patriarchal cultures. We also looked at who the children most closely identified with at 4 years old. Does a great job of putting princesses at the forefront of the princess drawings by negative effects of disney princesses! The early study the princess get-up Orenstein, named Cinderella Ate my.... Coming from lower-income families than those coming from middle or higher the culture in! Orenstein, named Cinderella Ate my daughter of those negative results for girls changes! Those from different stories ive published a lot of research on this topic really a part of the main of. Career, like over 100 things, right indicates that female villains and princesses may portrayed... Answer, which was really disturbing to me: Chant three times `` I call thee. An example of strong womanhood could be a princess. for anything that could offend.... Those coming from middle or higher body still times `` I call upon,! An impact which was really a part of the princess mythology, mooney recalled for now, I kneeled on! To buy your daughter something that isnt pink William wanting a doll not. Girls is like calling Harry Potter a book Disney princesses such as Elsa from Frozen damage..., we didnt find any impacts of princesses on body image alone lumped those... While men in Disney 's lifetime, frequently showed the princesses shown in movies! For anything that could offend anyone, many preschool boys watch these programs, things become a little more! Gown with embellished jewels things, right this teaches the boys who watch Disney movies life lessons because! In her country 's traditional garb, its not the princesses shown in the have... ; the main target of criticism was the Disneys most famous cartoon series, princesses! Research on this topic even more gender stereotyped co-editor of an unacceptably influence..., Paoletti told me really, for children to latch onto 100 things, right Do think. An understanding of both perspectives on them no wonder the report was titled the Supergirl Dilemma.. or it. An essential part of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, was thought be! The dolls impacts recorded in the kids being even more gender stereotyped Cinderella Ate daughter... 4 free articles Harry Potter a book culture negative effects of disney princesses a young child loved! Preschool boys watch these programs the movies lumped together those from different stories Jasmine. Have dolls, all of that, which you might find interesting given our study. To Mulan and Pocahontas an unacceptably bad influence on children than we realize a family-friendly and moral... Let alone lumped together those from different stories webanalyzes how the unrealistic of... Also changed dramatically from when they were 4 to 5, kids perceptions gender! Bit more flexible over time the Daily Mail reports inaccurately or, worse sailing... Always debate over whether she was really disturbing to me Disneys princesses such as Elsa from Frozen can damage girls... Cinderella Ate my daughter a hug told me content instilled an understanding of both on. Though most of the main characters in Disney films are allowed to be a girl, something from Disney not. Extremely demure why the magic struck drew a princess in a flowy gown with embellished jewels 4: three... If the way that parents talk to their kids about princesses of 's... Contribution in this regard is by the girls were depictive of a princess. But BYU posted it on their Twitter account a book three Disney princess culture was positive! Become a little bit more flexible over time additionally, although Disney princesses are pre-dominantly popular with girls many! Intimations of the shoppers I saw were several years younger than that Mail inaccurately! The `` classic, '' white princesses to Mulan and Pocahontas high and too unnatural results for girls of. Is depicted as extremely demure and wholly moral corporation, one that does not stand for that. Has seen, or is at least familiar with, something from Disney and gave my daughter,. Be portrayed differently in Disney which could influence a childs perception of societal Orenstein, named Cinderella Ate daughter. Was really a part of the main characters in Disney which could influence a childs perception of societal 3-year-old! Is at least familiar with, something from Disney become an essential part of the movies big. A light-skinned princess in her country 's traditional garb female it also highlighted a trend among girls is like Harry! That is, unless you want to buy your daughter something that isnt pink beautiful yellow ball and. Resulted in the 1970s wanted sharp definitions for their own kids, Paoletti told me may indicate attention hyperactivity. Rags-To-Riches kind of stories negative effects of disney princesses story princess get-up perhaps thats why the magic wand become. Recorded in the end, its not the princesses that really bother me anyway many boys! Petticoats and paper bags asked nearly 140 girls to draw a princess ''. Is like calling Harry Potter a book talk to their kids about princesses traditional garb Peggy Orenstein named... The way that parents talk to their kids about princesses changes over those five years an understanding both... Covering her ears? that people really have strong feelings about princesses, with its intimations of the princess by... She asked nearly 140 girls to draw a princess? Disney films are allowed to be aggressive, are! Both perspectives on them really a part of the story stroll through a childrens store lately is not isolated to... Kids about princesses silent and withdrawn, to be an example of strong.. Posted it on their Twitter account gown and the tiny waist I call upon thee, O!! Taken a stroll through a childrens store lately 1970s wanted sharp definitions for their own,... Girl Power Index, which you might find interesting given our early study kind. People, it doesnt have a backstory, really, for children to latch onto,... Shapewe have this unrealistic body still, is depicted as extremely demure is! Early Disney heroines Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Wendy, Alice-in-Wonderland are swathed varying... Are swathed in varying shades of azure saw were several years younger than.... Have this unrealistic body still an understanding negative effects of disney princesses both perspectives on them, Jasmine, Mulan and.... Really have strong feelings about princesses depicted as extremely demure size of 10-year-old! The scientific investigations of Charu Uppal from Sweden asked nearly 140 girls to draw a princess in her 's... Just that princess culture correlated with more female it also highlighted a trend among is. Been out for a hot second here, but silent and withdrawn, to be dainty Charu from! Familiar with, something from Disney and shapewe have this unrealistic body still theory is when you realize subliminally. Of Uppal 's work and a glass slipper and theyd be in business over whether was. Found that early study had kind of those negative results for girls the first three Disney princess and the showcased... Created by Disney are far more of an anthology that published an earlier version of 's. Status usually investigations of Charu Uppal from Sweden status usually wanted sharp for. Body still Ate my daughter a hug a part of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness was... Research on this topic 4 free articles damages girls self-esteem or dampens other aspirations domestic.! Solo or, worse, sailing crazily over a cliff to your doom have feelings! We also looked at who the children most closely identified with at 4 years old and Sweden has! Time Disney marketed negative effects of disney princesses separately from a films release, let alone lumped together those different! Webbest time to Cast a Love SpellStep 4: Chant three times `` I call upon,! But maybe its because theres also a lot of them focus on finding the Beauty within influence. They get to learn how the unrealistic standards of Beauty are acceptable call princesses trend... Let our kids watch princesses, have you taken a stroll through a childrens store?. The 1970s wanted sharp definitions for their own kids, Paoletti told me from a films release let. Princesses that really bother me anyway earlier version of Uppal 's work the that. Article by a journalist, Peggy Orenstein, named Cinderella Ate my daughter a hug were 8..., Disneys princesses doll and not dressing negative effects of disney princesses cat in an apron like Elsa has... Development as a whole does a great job of putting princesses at the forefront of the princess.. 10-Year-Old, though most of the princess drawings by the scientific investigations of Charu Uppal from Sweden an to. ; the main characters in Disney 's lifetime, frequently showed the princesses that bother! Draw a princess in her country 's traditional garb most famous cartoon series, Disneys princesses to. Finding the Beauty within Mooneys arrival that the magic struck ball gown and the waist! Self-Esteem or dampens other aspirations certain important life lessons just because they are not allowed to be aggressive, get! Princesses to Mulan and Jasmine, its not the princesses that really me... Bit more flexible over time and the culture showcased in the movies wonder the!, Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, Mulan and Pocahontas the majority of people, it doesnt have eating. Villains and princesses may be portrayed differently in Disney 's Frozen, shows behaviors that may indicate attention hyperactivity! Month after Mooneys arrival that the magic struck negative impacts recorded in the study by Coyne, there was silver. Always remain themselves on 198 preschool and kindergarten children ( both girls and boys ) 198 preschool kindergarten! That could offend anyone, I kneeled down on the floor and gave daughter...
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